R. B. Nerli ,Priyeshkumar  Patel,Shridhar  C. Ghagane  ,Shashank  Patil,Adarsh  Sanikop,Shoubhik  Chandra,
Renal Cell Carcinoma with Level II Inferior Vena Cava Thrombi: Operative Steps
Surgical Case Reports
2021
2613-5965
http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.SCR.2021.03.12
https://www.sciencerepository.org/renal-cell-carcinoma-with-level-ii-inferior-vena-cava-thrombi_SCR-2021-3-112 
Abstract: The incidence of venous tumor thrombi extension to the inferior vena cava (IVC) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has markedly increased recently due to the advances in diagnostic modalities. Such vascular invasion implies a heightened biologic behaviour and a surgical challenge during the course of treatment. Several studies have examined the prognostic significance of the level of venous extension. It has been suggested recently that long-term survival may be significantly better in patients with renal vein involvement than IVC involvement. We describe the operative steps in the treatment of level II IVC thrombus in this report.Keywords: Renal cell carcinoma, inferior vena cava thrombus, magnetic resonance imaging