Study Group

Comparative Group

Average Age ± Standard of deviation

45.7 ± 20.8

40.9 ± 11.9

History of Tobacco use

2/5, 40%

3/18, 16.7%

Active Tobacco use

0/5, 0%

3/18, 16.7%

Comorbid medical conditions

2/5, 40%

7/18, 38.9%

• Arrhythmia

0/5, 0%

2/18, 11.1%

• CAD

0/5, 0%

1/18, 5.6%

• CHF

1/5, 20%

2/18, 11.1%

• COPD

0/5, 0%

1/18, 5.6%

• DM

1/5, 20%

3/18, 16.7%

• ESRD

1/5, 20%

0/18, 0%

• Hypertension

2/5, 40%

4/18, 22.2%