Table 1: By second-line treatment groups: baseline characteristics at the time of second-line initiation, comorbidities, and the rates and risk of diabetic retinopathy post-second-line antidiabetic drug (ADD) initiation.
|
|
DPP-4i |
GLP-1RA |
Sulfonylurea |
Insulin |
Thiazolidinedione |
|
N |
49,516 |
11,850 |
119,716 |
37,273 |
18,778 |
|
Male, n (%) |
24,068 (49) |
4,073 (34) |
62,839 (52) |
17,611 (47) |
9,846 (52) |
|
Age, years, mean (sd) |
59 (12) |
54 (12) |
61 (12) |
58 (13) |
59 (12) |
|
Diabetes duration, months, mean (sd) |
15.1 (22.2) |
14.0 (21.6) |
11.7 (20.5) |
8.4 (17.4) |
6.6 (14.8) |
|
HbA1c, %, mean (sd) |
8.1 (1.7) |
7.8 (1.6) |
8.3 (1.9) |
9.2 (2.3) |
7.8 (1.7) |
|
SBP, mean (sd) |
130 (14) |
128 (13) |
132 (16) |
131 (16) |
130 (15) |
|
SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, n (%) |
12,446 (22) |
2,565 (18) |
46,191 (27) |
11,642 (25) |
6,993 (24) |
|
LDL, mg/dL, mean (sd) |
98 (36) |
96 (35) |
98 (36) |
98 (39) |
97 (36) |
|
Weight, kg, mean (sd) |
97 (24) |
108 (26) |
97 (24) |
99 (26) |
99 (24) |
|
BMI, kg/m2, mean (sd) |
34 (7) |
38 (8) |
34 (8) |
35 (8) |
34 (8) |
|
Second-line ADD treatment duration, months, mean (sd) |
26 (20) |
25 (20) |
31 (25) |
31 (25) |
32 (26) |
|
History of diseases on or prior to second-line therapy initiation |
|||||
|
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) |
10,033 (20) |
1,616 (14) |
27,512 (23) |
8,930 (24) |
3,491 (19) |
|
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) |
1,686 (3) |
229 (2) |
4,432 (4) |
1,239 (3) |
493 (3) |
|
Neuropathy, n (%) |
2,947 (6) |
706 (6) |
7,410 (6) |
3,052 (8) |
873 (5) |
|
Cancer, n (%) |
2,768 (6) |
477 (4) |
6,606 (6) |
1,970 (5) |
835 (4) |
|
Post second-line initiation |
|||||
|
Follow-up years, mean (sd) |
2.8 (1.9) |
3.0 (2.3) |
3.2 (2.4) |
2.8 (2.1) |
4.5 (2.9) |
|
Developed retinopathy, n (%) |
622 (1) |
134 (1) |
2,493 (2) |
1,249 (3) |
405 (2) |
|
Person-years follow-up |
137,137 |
35,418 |
380,040 |
101,131 |
84,008 |
|
Rate per 1000 PY (95% CI) |
4.5 (4.2, 4.9) |
3.8 (3.2, 4.5) |
6.6 (6.3, 6.8) |
12.4 (11.7, 13.1) |
4.8 (4.4, 5.3) |
|
Risk of retinopathy, HR (95% CI) |
0.70 (0.63, 0.77) |
0.69 (0.56, 0.85) |
ref |
1.84 (1.70, 2.00) |
0.85 (0.75, 0.96) |