Author

Design

Outcomes

Sample

Results

Alter et al., (1999)

Population-based study in Ontario, Canada

Total mortality

51,591 patients with acute myocardial infarction

A strong inverse association was observed with neighborhood income (p<0.001).  Each $10,000 increase in the neighborhood median income was associated with a 10% reduction in the risk of death within one year (hazards ratio [HR] = 0.90, 95% CI 0.86, 0.94).

Tyden et al., (2002)

Cohort study in Malmo, Sweden

Total mortality

Myocardial infarction patients

The sex- and age-adjusted all-cause mortality rate per 1,000 patient years ranged from 85.5 to 163.6 between residential areas.  The area specific relative risk (RR) of death after discharge was associated with a low socioeconomic score (r=0.56, p=0.018).

Stjarne et al., (2004)

Population-based case-control study in Stockholm, Sweden

Incident myocardial infarction

1,631 cases of myocardial infarction and matched controls

The adjusted RR of myocardial infarction was 2.0 (95% CI 1.3, 3.1) for women living in the top quartile of materially deprived areas.  For men, the adjusted RR was 1.6 (95% CI 1.2, 2.1).

Stjarne et al., (2006)

Population-based case-control study in Stockholm County, Sweden

Acute myocardial infarction

2,246 cases of myocardial infarction and matched controls

The level of neighborhood socioeconomic resources had a contextual effect on the RR of myocardial infarction.  Compared with high-income neighborhoods, the incidence rate ratio in low income neighborhoods was 1.88 (95% CI 1.25, 2.84) for women and 1.52 (95% CI 1.16, 1.99) for men.

Chaix et al., (2007)

Cohort study in the Scania region, Sweden

Incident myocardial infarction and death from IHD

52,084 persons at risk of myocardial infarction

The incidence of myocardial infarction increased with neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation.  For high vs. low neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation, the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.7 (95% CI 1.4, 2.0).  A similar pattern was seen for IHD mortality.

Beard et al., (2008)

Population-based study in New South Wales, Australia

Deaths from acute myocardial infarction and hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome

Persons at risk of acute myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome

Area-level socioeconomic disadvantage (defined using Census variables relating to education, occupation, non-English speaking background, indigenous origin, and household economic resources) was related to mortality (RR for highest quartile of disadvantage relative to lowest = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.27, 1.54).

Rose et al, (2009)

Population-based cohort study in four U.S. communities

Incident hospitalized myocardial infarction

Persons at risk of incident hospitalized myocardial infarction

Within each community, and among all race-gender groups, those living in low neighborhood median household income neighborhoods had an increased risk of myocardial infarction compared to those living in high neighborhood median household income neighborhoods.

Davies et al., (2009)

Population-based study in Scotland

Incident acute myocardial infarction

5.1 million persons at risk of acute myocardial infarction

The socioeconomic gradient in acute myocardial infarction increased over time (p<0.001).  Among males, the gradient across area deprivation categories in 1990-1992 was most pronounced at younger ages.  The RR of acute myocardial infarction in the most deprived areas compared to the least was 2.6 (95% CI 1.6, 4.3) for those aged 45-59 years and 1.6 (95% CI 1.1, 2.5) at 60-74 years.  A similar pattern was seen in women.

Gerber et al. (2010)

Cohort study of patients discharged from 8 Israeli hospitals

Total mortality and cardiac mortality

1,179 patients with incident myocardial infarction

Patients residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods had higher mortality rates, with 13-year survival estimates of 61%, 74%, and 82% in increasing tertiles (p-trend < 0.001).  The HRs for death associated with neighborhood socioeconomic status were 1.47 (95% CI 1.05, 2.06) in the lower tertile and 1.19 (95% CI 0.86, 1.63) in the middle tertile compared with the upper tertile (p-trend = 0.02).

Henriksson et al., (2010)

Population-based study in Sweden municipalities

Acute myocardial infarction and total mortality

Persons at risk for acute myocardial infarction

Risk for acute myocardial infarction was lower in the municipalities with higher degree of income inequality.

Deguen et al., (2010)

Population-based study in Strasbourg metropolitan area, France

Myocardial infarction

Persons at risk of myocardial infarction

The risk of myocardial infarction increased with the neighborhood deprivation level.  Women appeared to be more susceptible at levels of extreme deprivation.

Blais et al., (2012)

Population-based study in Quebec

Total mortality

50,242 patients with acute myocardial infarction

Based upon a population deprivation index, the most materially and socially deprived patients had a 16% (95% CI 1.08, 1.25) and 13% (95% CI 1.05, 1.21) relative increased hazard of dying within 1 year, respectively, compared with the most privileged subjects.

Koren et al., (2012)

Hospital-based cohort study in Israel

Recurrent myocardial infarction

1,164 patients with incident myocardial infarction

The hazards of recurrent myocardial infarction was higher in low socioeconomic status neighborhoods (HR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.13, 2.14).

Koopman et al., (2012)

Population-based cohort study in The Netherlands.

Incident acute myocardial infarction

Persons at risk of acute myocardial infarction

When comparing the most deprived neighborhood-level socioeconomic quintile with the most affluent quintile, the overall RR for acute myocardial infarction was 1.34 (95% CI 1.32, 1.36) in men and 1.44 (95% CI 1.42, 1.47) in women.

Kim et al., (2014)

Retrospective cohort study at one referral center in South Korea

Total mortality

2,358 patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction

No significant association was seen between a neighborhood socioeconomic status indicator (social deprivation index) and mortality.

Thorne et al., (2015)

Record linkage study in Wales

30-day mortality following acute myocardial infarction

Patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction

Social deprivation was significantly associated with higher mortality for acute myocardial infarction.

Kim et al., (2018)

Quasi-experimental study in Toronto, Canada area

Incident myocardial infarction and total mortality

Residents of public housing

Living in a public housing project in the second highest neighborhood socioeconomic position was non-significantly associated with lower hazards of acute myocardial infarction (HR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.54, 1.07, p = 0.11) and all-cause mortality (HR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.73, 1.01, p=0.06).