Table 1: Summary of important growth factors, function in angiogenesis, and current use in cancer therapy.

Growth Factors	Known Function(s)	Current Use(s)
Agrin [11, 12]	Induces the aggregation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; synaptic development, signaling in the brain, and plasticity [13]	Sorafenib
Agrin [11, 12]		FAK-PyK2 inhibitor PF562271
Angiopoietins Astex FGFR Inhibitor	Angiogenesis; inflammation; maintains resting state of the endothelium [14]	Neutralizing anti-Ang2 antibody in mice bearing xenografts of human A431 epidermoid tumor and Colo205 colon cancer [15]
Angiopoietins Astex FGFR Inhibitor		Ang2 + bFGF caused inhibition of angiogenesis in rat corneas [16]
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)	Increases endothelial cell migration; promotes capillary morphogenesis	TKI258 (dovitinib) Phase I trial in patients with advanced solid tumors [17]
		BMS-582664 (brivanib) targets VEGF-R2 and FGF-R1 and -2 [18]
		E7080 [19]
		BIBF 1120 (vargatef) targets VEGF receptors, FGF receptors, and PDGF receptors, especially in non-small cell lung cancer [20]
		AZD4547 inhibits FGFR tyrosine kinases 1, 2 and 3 [21]
		FP-1039 targeting FGFR2 in endometrial carcinoma [22]
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)	Activates autocrine and paracrine systems; encourages growth, survival, and motility in malignant, vascular, and stromal cells [23, 24]	Imatinib mesylate (PDGFR inhibitor) in a mouse model of cervical carcinogenesis slowed progression of premalignant lesions and impaired growth of invasive carcinoma [25]
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)	Induce anchorage‐independent growth of target cells otherwise incapable of such growth [26]	TGF-β inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and glioblastoma multiforme xenograft [27-29]
		Galunisertib, (small molecule inhibitor of TGF-βRI) + orafenib, ramucirumab in hepatocellular carcinoma
		PF-03446962 (a monoclonal antibody against TGF-β) + regorafenib in colorectal carcinoma [30]
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)	Inflammation; stimulate granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and angiogenic factors from other cells; induce endothelial cell differentiation [31]	Golimumab inhibiting angiogenesis and growth in vivo in metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma cells [32]
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)	Capillary morphogenesis; release of von plasminogen activator (PA), and plasminogen activator receptor (PA-R), Willebrand factor, integrins, and interstitial collagenase; increases vascular permeability and fenestration [33]	Lung and colon cancer [34, 35]