Table 1: In vitro study of edible CHM for CRC treatment.

Species/ Formulation	Extract/ compound		*Cell lines*		Pharmacodynamic indicators		Refs
C. chinensis	Methanol extracts		SNU-C4		¯Viabilities; ↑apoptosis populations; ↑Bax; ↑caspase3; ¯Bcl-2;		(Kim et al. 2004) [56]
	Water extracts		HCT-116		¯Viabilities; ¯colony formation; ↑G2 phase population; ¯cyclin B1; ¯cdc2 kinase activity;		(Li et al. 2000) [10]
	Berberine		SW-620		↓Viabilities;↑ caspase 3 and 8 activation; ↑PARP cleavage; ¯Bid, c-IAP1, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL; ↑p-JNK, p-p38; ↑ROS; ↑p-c-jun, FasL, t-Bid;		(Hsu, Hsieh, et al. 2007) [20]
C. longa	Curcuminoids		5 primary cells		¯Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population; ¯mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP);		(Hsu, Weng, et al. 2007) [21]
	Curcumin		HT-29		¯Viabilities; ¯COX-2;		(Du et al. 2006) [57]
	Curcumin		Colo-205		¯Viabilities; ¯NF-κB p65, COX-2; ↑COX-1; ¯ MMP2/9; ¯invasion ability;		(Su, Chen, et al. 2006) [58]
	Curcumin		Caco-2, HT-29		¯EGRF expression; ¯ERK and Elk-1 activity; ¯Egr-1 expression and activity;		(Chen, Xu, and Johnson 2006) [59]
	Curcumin		LoVo		¯Viabilities; ↑LDH release; ↑apoptosis population; ↑caspase-3 and 9 activation; ¯MMP; ↑cytochrome c release, ↑Bax, p53; ¯Bcl-2, survivin;		(Guo et al. 2013) [15]
	Curcumin		Colo-205		¯Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population; ↑ROS, Ca²⁺; ¯MMP; ↑caspase 3 activity; ↑Bax, cytochrome C, p53, p21; ¯Bcl-2;		(Su, Lin, et al. 2006) [14]
	Curcumin		HT-29		¯Viabilities; ¯COX-2;		(Goel, Boland, and Chauhan 2001) [60]
	Curcumin		HT-29		¯Viabilities; ¯apoptosis population; ¯pAkt, COX-2; ↑p-AMPK; ↑G1 population;		(Lee et al. 2009) [13]
G. lucidum	Ganoderic acid Me		HCT-116		¯Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population; ↑p53, Bax; ¯MMP; ↑cytochrome c release; ↑caspase 3 activity;		(Zhou et al. 2011) [46]
	Triterpenoids		SW-480		¯Cell number; ¯DNA synthesis;		(Xie et al. 2006) [30]
H. diffusa	Ethanol extracts		HT-29		¯Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population; ↑DNA fragmentation; ¯MMP; ↑Bax/Bcl-2; ↑caspase 9 and 3 activation;		(Lin et al. 2010) [61]
	Ethanol extracts		HCT-8		¯Viabilities; ¯P-glycoprotein, ABC subfamily G member 2;		(Li, Wang, et al. 2015) [16]
	Ethanol extracts		HT-29		¯Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population; ¯p-Stat3; ¯Cyclin D1, CDK4, Bcl-2; ↑p21, Bax;		(Lin et al. 2015) [17]
	Ursolic acid		HT29		¯Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population; ¯p-EGFR, p-ERK1/2, p-p38, and p-JNK; ¯Bcl-2, Bcl-xl; ↑caspase 3 and 9 activity;		(Shan et al. 2009) [62]
	Ursolic acid		SW-480, LoVo		¯Viabilities; ¯clone formation; ¯migration ability; ¯MMP9; CDH1 expression; ¯p-Akt, p-ERK; ¯COX-2, PGE2; ↑NF-κB and p300 translocation; ↑apoptosis population; ↑PARP; ↑caspase 3 and 9 cleavage; ↑cytochrome c release;		(Wang, Liu, et al. 2013) [36]
P. notoginseng	Panaxadiol		HCT-116		¯Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population; ↑G1 population;		(Li et al. 2009) [20]
	N-butanol fraction-		HCT-116		¯Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population;		(Wang et al. 2007) [25]
	N-butanol fraction		SW-480		¯Viabilities; ¯DNA synthesis; ↑apoptosis population; ↑S, G2 phase population;		(Wang, Xie, et al. 2009) [18]
P. quinquefolius	Steamed extracts		HCT-116, SW-480		↑Apoptosis population; ¯MMP; ROS; ↑NF-κB activation;		(Li et al. 2010) [63]
		Ginseng extracts		HCT-116		¯Viabilities; affect ephrin receptor pathway;	(Luo et al. 2008) [64]
		Ginsenoside Rh2		HCT-116, SW-480		¯Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population; ↑ROS; NF-κB activation; ↑Bax, Bad; ¯Bcl-2, Bcl-XL; ↑cytoplasmic vacuoles;	(Li et al. 2011) [65]
		Ginsenoside Rg3		SW-480		¯Migration ability; ¯NF-κB activity; ¯MMP-9, COX-2;	(Song et al. 2015) [66]
		Ginsenoside Rg3		HCT-116		¯Viabilities; ¯colony formation; ¯β-catenin nuclear translocation; ¯PNCA;	(He et al. 2011) [22]
S. miltiorrhiza		Cryptotanshinone		SW-480, HCT-116, LoVo		↓Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population; ↓anchorage independent growth; ↑caspase cleavage; ↓Bcl-2; ↓p-Stat3; ↓pEGFR; ↑p21 levels; ↓CyclinD1, survivin;	(Li, Saud, et al. 2015) [24]
		Tanshinone IIA		Colo-205		↓Viabilities, ↑apoptosis population; ↑p53, p21; ↑cytochrome c release; ↑Fas; ↑caspase 8 and 3 cleavage;	(Su et al. 2008) [58]
Z. officinale		Ethanol extracts		HCT-116, HT-29		↓Cell viability; ↑apoptosis population; ↑G1 phase population;	(Abdullah et al. 2010) [27]
		6-gingerol		LoVo		¯Viabilities; ¯cyclin A, B1, CDK1; ↑p27, p21; ↑ROS, p-p53; ↑G2 phase population;	(Lin, Lin, and Tsay 2012) [29]
		6-Gingerol		HCT-116, HT-29		↓Viabilities; ↑apoptosis population; ↑G1 phase population; ↓cyclin D1; ↑nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1; ↓β-catenin translocation; ↑PKCε, GSK-3β activation;	(Lee, Cekanova, and Baek 2008) [28]