Direct (Pulmonary) Causes

Indirect (Extra-pulmonary) Causes

Pneumonia (bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic)

Severe sepsis/septic shock (± pneumonia) (as part of MODS)

Gastric aspiration

Transfusion-associated lung injury (TRALI)

Drowning/submersion

Severe acute pancreatitis

Severe thoracic trauma/pulmonary contusion

Drug overdose (opiates, paraldehyde, paraquat) or toxins/chemicals/venom exposure

Fat emboli

Shock

Smoke/toxic gas inhalation

Severe non-thoracic trauma

Reperfusion pulmonary oedema (after lung transplant)

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Pulmonary vasculitis

Pregnancy

Non-protective ventilation (VILI)

Severe burns

Thoracic surgery

Cardiopulmonary bypass (pump lung)